Week 12 - Photojournalism

Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that creates images in order to reveal a story behind it. Photo is a representation of a person or scene taken by a camera on light-sensitive material. The photo tells a complete story of an image. As we know, journalist is a medium for the people in knowing the news. It is everywhere in the world, either in the television news, newspaper and etc. Journalism is the timely reporting of events at the local, provincial, national and international levels.

Instead of words a photojournalist uses pictures to tell a story. They also can combine their images with some text to give brief information on the details or events. This known as caption as earlier I explain in week 8. There is a different between photographer and photojournalist. Photographer are only tend to capture the people, thing o place only, while photojournalist take the picture which got an action or emotion that give a little bit information inside it such as shout, kick, cries, explosion and etc that could create a story. They also tend to take that noun picture also but still need a story behind it also.

Thus, there is an ethic for the photojournalist what they need to do or not to do, so that it did not bring the misinterpretation by the audiences through their images. There are some rules and regulation for the photojournalist to be followed below,

1. Take the picture – tell the truth.

This is because the picture does not lie. Photojournalist has to take the picture on the event itself. It needs to be an accurate and comprehensive in the representation of subjects. Photograph resembles in size and shaped of what our eye see. However, photograph cannot tell us what is happened before or after the photo is taken. But, we still believe that the photo give us some information of the truth.

2. Do not manipulate the pictures

With our modern technology, sometimes people are tending to modify the pictures. As a result is would give an opposite story of the pictures, where is the original element of the photo has been changed. This is because the photojournalists want to enhance its impact. As stated by Lester (1995), “But because of computer technology, digital manipulations are relatively easy to accomplish, hard to detect and perhaps more alarming, alter the original image so that checking the authenticity of the picture is impossible”

3. Avoid stereotyping and bias of the person and groups in the work.

This only showing that the journalism are being unprofessional, racist, ignorant or lazy when they capture pictures of ethnic, gender, physical characteristic, sexual preference and job-related cultural groups.

4. Give respect and dignity on the subject. 

Give some kindness and concern to victims or subjects on the events.

5. Maintain the elements of the photo when editing.

This is to avoid the wrong idea of the subjects story.

Therefore, photojournalism must follow the code of the ethics since it could shaped the people perception and interpretation towards the images shown. According to Bersak (2006), the National Press Photographers Association's Code of Ethics “Photographic and video images can reveal great truths, expose wrongdoing and neglect, inspire hope and understanding and connect people around the globe through the language of visual understanding. Photographs can also cause great harm if they are callously intrusive or are manipulated.”

References:

• Bersak, D., R. (2006). Ethics in Photojournalism: Past, Present, and Future. Retrieve on November 10, 2011 from http://web.mit.edu/drb/Public/PhotoThesis/
• Lester, P. M. (1995). Photojournalism Ethics Timeless Issues. Retrieved on November 10^th, 2011 from http://commfaculty.fullerton.edu/lester/writings/photoethics.html
• National Press Photographers Associations. (2011). Code of Ethics. Retrieved November 10 2011, from http://www.nppa.org/professional_development/business_practices/ethics.html

Week 11 - Information Graphics

This week we are given task to analyse the data of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) report on rising fuel & operating cost and use the information given by using the visual graph.

Figure 1. The IATA report.

Task:

1. Generate an information graphic that explains the relationship among gross revenue, gross expenses, cost of fuel and cost of fuel as percentage of expenses from the year 2000 to 2009.

Answer:

2. Explain the consideration you made in designing the information graphic.

Information graphic is a visual representation of data, knowledge or information. These graphics are used where complex information such as the in the figure 1 above are needs to be explained in simple and clearly. As stated by Lester (1995, p.187), “informational graphics are primarily visual displays with the accompanying label & text that help explain an illustration’s meaning”. Therefore, although the table 1 figure above just a simple figure or images, it can present a rich amount of information without messing your head.

From the table 1 above, I am using the line graph. This is because line graphs are usually used to represent changes in data over a period of time. In a line graph, the data is first represented by points, and then line segments are drawn to join the points. In the table 1 above, we can clearly see the line of revenue, expenses and etc of the company rise   and fall along the year from 2000 - 2009. Generally, the horizontal axis is used as the time axis and the vertical axis is used to show changes in the other quantity. In some line graphs, values along the lines themselves have no meaning; they can, however, show a trend.

References:

• Lester, P., M. (1995). Information Graphics. Visual communication: Images with messages. (p. 195). California: Wadsworth Publishing

Week 10 - Games & Avatar In The Information Age

Do you believe that you are cyborgian in nature?

Nowadays, with the era of globalisation, people are exposed to much more information than ever before. I like to call that "information flooding".  We are growing up in a world that is more different from our parent’s life than any generation before them. We are adjusting to a culture that our parents or grandparents do not understand. Technology has improved our standard of living in many ways and digital technologies, in particular have provided us with amazing opportunities.

Therefore, in consequences, people are now too relying on the technologies as it gives benefits to our life. Hence, we all are cyborg. Cyborg is part of human and part of machine. Yes, this maybe sound awkward to you, or you maybe thought that this only sci-fiction but actually in reality this is true. As stated by Case 2010), cyborg is an organism “to which exogenous components have been added for the purposes of adapting to new environments”.

However, it does not mean that we are robot cop or terminator. It means that in our everyday life that we are never missing using the computer or mobile phone or any other devices.  We are no longer control the machine, but the machine is control us. These technologies help us to travel faster, communicate differently. 

Well I admit that I am one of the cyborgian in nature. This is because my everyday life is full with this technology. There are 2 important things in my life, which is mobile phone & laptop. 

 

Seriously I cannot survive without both of it. Laptop is the tools for me to engage with other social networking such as Facebook or twitter to interact with my friends. I have spent more time with this social networking than spent time with my family. It saves times a lot rather than have to make an appointment again with my friends and think where we should meet up. Similar also with the cell phones, imagine it just lose one day only, for sure I going to be half insane without it. 

Technology is now replacing our body such as leg, hand, mouth, eye and so on. For example, if we want to purchase ticket, we are no longer to go to the counter at travel agency or airport. Now we are able to purchase it through online directly. See how this technology made our life easier.

Reference:

• Case, A. (2011). We are all cyborg. Retrieve on October 15, 2011 from 
  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1KJAXM3xYA
• Robins, K. (2000). Cyberspace and the world we live in. In Bell, D. and Kennedy, B.M. (eds.), The cyber cultures 34 reader (pp.77--‐95). London: Routledge.

Week 9 - Cinema & Television

Cinema and television are high profile creative industries as well as and pervasive forms of popular entertainment and cultural expression within contemporary society. Cinema is life: it inspires, it entertains, and it gets you thinking. Cinema breaks your heart, again and again, but you keep coming back for more. While, television is a powerful medium for appealing to mass audiences; it reaches people regardless of age, sex, income, or educational level. In addition, television offers sight and sound, and it makes dramatic and lifelike representation people and the products.

Cinema and television actually give us the cultural literacy on it.  It gives the basic information that we need to know to carry on a logical conversation with most people we associate with. The more culturally literate you are, the more conversations you’re able to participate in with more people. According to Puttnam (1999) “screen literacy can help us achieve a better understanding of both the medium and the message”.

The influence of cinema & television shapes our concepts of who we are, what is important to us, and how we live our lives. This stated by Kermabon & Shahani (1991), “Television has accustomed the viewers to quick changes of perspective and identification of objects within the frame, transparently denotative of concrete things and events”. 

For example, the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on the TV shows.

Although it is to entertain people but it gives a negative/bad effect on the children. The children tend to follow their wrestler steps in wrestling with their brothers and anyone. The children want to be strong as their idol wrestler. I see thing happened on my little sister also, where she act wrestle with the pillow after watching that show.

While for me, I like watching Grey’s anatomy where it showed how our lives is very priceless. Where all the doctors are trying very hard in saving the people lives. 

And Crime Scene Investigation (CSI), where the staff analysis on surrounding environment also could improved my observation and analyse on my work.

Therefore, cinema & television could shape our identity, where the people aims or behaviour could change after watching some dramas or scene.

References:

• Kermabon, J. & Shahani, K. (1991). Ed. Cinema and television. India. Orient Longman Limited.
• Puttnam, D. (1999). Screen Literacy and Cultural Morality in the Digital Era. Retrieved on the October 2, 2011 from EbscoHost Website

Week 8 - Photography

How do captions and cutlines re-frame the meaning of an image?

Photography is a device for recording an image of an object on a light-sensitive surface; it is essentially light box with an aperture to admit light focused onto a sanitized film or plate.

Different people have different own motivations for taking pictures. Some is to capture things that have inspired them, to capture perspectives and moments others will miss. People mostly take, and keep, pictures of happy times. You take a photo to capture a present moment, and instantly it becomes a record the past.

Mostly, the aims of photograph for majority of people were mostly taking pictures to document their lives that later on could help us to recall back our experiences of our lives. This is because memory is impressionable, and as time goes the details become vanished, or changed.  And what we remember before may not actually the same as it before.

Photos are also as a tool of communication for us with the others to share our experiences or to capture and relive shared experiences. It allows understanding better the surrounding world and gives precious moment into everyday life. In other words, pictures help us memorize.  The pictures would allow us to go back and experience the feelings we had, and remember.

Last week, I have already told that every picture tells a story. Different person would have different perspective and interpretation when looking of an image. Therefore, with the help of writing caption on the picture, that would improve the people in understanding more what the image are trying to illustrate and create a meaning. A bit of explanation could shaped more their interpretation.

For example, the figure below, what do you expect?

Maybe some of you would think, there is a guy who shut the girl mouth with his hand. Maybe look like that guy is trying to kidnap the girl. Maybe the guy was hide from someone else, then girl is come across then the guy had to kidnap him and let her be as his ransom. Hence, there are many assumption of meaning towards the single image above. How about the image gives some caption and cutlines, such as “Ben Whishaw in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, based on a novel by Patrick Süskind (Europeanfilms)”? Then, it would be affect the reader or viewers mind on the story that are they create before this.

Therefore, text caption provides information that the photo cannot give. Although it is short but it is informative.

References:

• Malone, J. (1983). Read about photography. Grolier International, Inc.
• Photo captions & cutlines. Retrieve on October 2, 2011 from http://web.ku.edu/~edit/captions.html
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Week 7 - Visual Narrative & The Media

Why is narrative important when shaping a visual image to the audience?

As we know, narrative is defined as the art of storytelling, something that we all do every day. It is based on the settings such as series of events, actor, time and location.  It is a worth that it is a part of our lives.

However, there is a different between the story and narrative. Story is a series of incidents or events, in other word is a plot. While, narrative is the way those incidents are gather as one to be presented to the viewers. Narratives can be found in all media text whether in magazines, news, television, novel and etc.

“Most of us in our daily life actually spending time more in telling the stories such as gossiping about friends, joking, collecting family photo albums to tell story, ghost story, fairy tale and etc” (Branston & Stafford, 2006). All of it have different characteristics; even though have the same elements on it that led us become aware of the fact on each of it. This is because, every each of it might be told in different point of view, ways or styles in order to make the audience understood what the story are telling them about.

Therefore, it also make us aware on the unclear boundary that presents between the ‘fact’ & ‘fiction’ that are both narrated and shaped fro the audiences.

According to Branston & Stafford (2006), there 4 theories that could shape the audience perspectives towards the narratives. The theorist’s ways in narratives are as follow:

• Vladimir Propp – using character role
• Tzvetan Todorov – narratives start with equilibrium
• Roland Barthes – using 5 codes (action, enigma, symbolic, semic & cultural)
• Claude Levi-Strauss – expressed with binary opposition

Every picture or film tells a story. Take an example from the film figure above – The Hangover.

In this film, I’m applying the Todorov’s theory where the narratives consist of 3 parts.  First stage, the opening begins with equilibrium where everything was stable. Then second stage, the disequilibrium takes place, where the normality has been disrupted. Finally, the new equilibrium resolves over again, which is the resolution.

1^st stage - equilibrium

One of the main characters is suppose to be getting married, two days before his wedding; he and his friends decide to go to Las Vegas for the bachelor party.

2^nd  stage - disequilibrium

Then the conflict begins, where the trouble was occurred. All the men are drugged and when wake up the next morning, they not knowing what had happened the night after. The groom is lost, so they all go on a ride to look for him, along the way they come across the people to help them discover the incidents of the night before.

3^rd  stage – new equilibrium

Lastly, it ended with the resolution, where the groom’s friends had founded him and bring him home just in time for his wedding.

Here is the Hangover video trailer.

Therefore, a narrative is important in shaping the visual images to audience. The producers need to show what exactly they want to tell to the audience. The way they deliver the message must be easily recognize by the audience so that they would be able to interpret and reasoning behind the message without confliction. 

References:

•  Branston, G. & Stafford, R. (2006). The media student’s book. 4^th Ed. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
• Griffin, E. (2009). A First Look at Communication Theory. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
• Narratives in media. Retrieved on September 25, 2011 from http://www.glyndwr.ac.uk/rdover/med-stud/narrativ.htm

Week 6 - The Ancient Art of Rhetoric and Persuasion.

Rhetoric is the way on how we are able to persuade or manipulate the audiences through visual context such as images or text on the advertisement. According to Scott (1994), “rhetoric is an interpretive theory that structures a message as an interested party’s try to influence viewers.”  Indeed, the reason of using this theory is because it will indicate either the advertisement had an argument or persuasion in it or not. 

 Moreover, through rhetoric it could shows on how the meaning from the advertisement is being expressed. The audiences would create different emotional responses from every difference of visual genres. Griffin (2009) stated that Aristotle defined rhetoric as "an ability, in each case, to see the available means of persuasion."

 Visual argument is one way to communicate and how to persuade more effectively with a combination of graphic elements in the context of visual, written and oral. This is because the audience live in a visual world without destroying the interests of consumers to the argument. The arguments can give us a motive to accept the view or not. 

 Meanwhile, persuasion is defined on how we are able to make consumers interested or believe in our products, services and etc. In other words, it is how to convince the people to think or act in a certain way. Blair (2004) claimed that “what seems to be a necessary ingredient in persuasion as a kind of cause of behaviour change is that the person persuaded assents to the pressure of the vector of influence.”  It means that the effect of persuasion could change the attitude, behaviours and beliefs of people who are persuaded.

Print advertisement is more concern with the style than the content. Everyone have the same point, aims, purposes or goal but it is on how the way they delivered for it. Take example from the above advertisement. It is an anti-smoking ad. The purpose of the ad is to prevent the people from smoking. The advertiser creates this ad to illustrate the effect of smoking and to show them what can happen if they decide to start smoking. This ad was made to show the danger of smoking that can cause great harm; finally it can eventually kill you and cause death. The message from this ad can be conveyed by anyone. We can see from the picture above there that the cigarette is like ourselves that hanging on the rope. 

 There is an argument that can persuade the people soon after they were able to perceived the message or reason from the ads above. For this advertisement, there is called a deductive argument(premise + premise = conclusion). Premise 1 – Smoking to me like suicide. Premise 2 – It is death in anticipation. Therefore, the conclusion can be seen through the image itself - smoking is like suicide that can cause death. So, for me with social knowledge background from health areas would be persuading with the ad. It clearly showed that through visual also could persuade or convince the people. Well, from what I looking that the creator of this ad aims using the image and text media to promote the dangers of smoking (anti-smoking).

References:

• Griffin, E. (2009). A First Look at Communication Theory. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
•  Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragramtics. United Kingdom: University Press Cambridge.
• McQuarrie, E. F., & Mick, D. G., (1999). Visual Rhetoric in Advertising: Text-Interpretive, Experimental, and Reader-Respond Analyses. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.26, 37-40.
• McQuarrie, E. F., & Phillips, B. J., (2007). Go Figure! New Directions in Advertising Rhetoric (p. 3-15). Armonk, NY, USA: M.E Sharpe, Inc.
• Scott, L. M. (1994). Images in Advertising: The Need for a Theory of Visual Rhetoric. Journal of Consumer Research, vol.21, 252-256.